• Gas fields coming onto stream

    Within reach of Europe are four massive gas fields, one that is yet to be developed because of internal squabbling by the Lebanese state, but in reality all these gas fields are coming on stream just at the right time. Zohr, is Egypt’s massive gas field, then there is Israel’s Leviathan field off the coast of…

  • IMF argument for resilience

    Pakistan has been hit by an unusually early monsoon, flooding has led to a third of the country being underwater with millions of homes destroyed. A BBC interview with the environment minister Senator Sherry Rahman, argued that successive governments had channelled rain water from the north of Pakistan, where there is more rain, to the…

  • The Bond Market and Climate Resilience

    There is a question whether COP 27, will move on from the question of mitigation because it is so important to the question of climate change. The bond markets are determined by adaptation and mitigation, because the question of resilience is so important. A report by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) believes that mitigation and…

  • Decolinasation in Algeria, Angola and India

    International factors determined key aspects of decolonisation in India, Algeria and Angola. World events, philosophical beliefs, ideologies, national identity, political and commercial pressures defined the peripheries resolve for independence and an end to the domination of arguments found in the metropole. The perceived identity developed by the metropole defined how the periphery became determined nationally,…

  • AUKUS –

    This is an article written in 2021, it explores the reasons behind Australia, United Kingdom and the United States reasoning for coming to a strategic partnership. AUKUS is probably one of the biggest gambles the US and UK have made, it is an argument to challenge and influence the politics in Asia, the Indo-Pacific, and…

  • Colonialism in China

    The ideas determining empire in the nineteenth and the end of empire in the twentieth century, could be found in the genesis of the Portuguese empire in the sixteenth century, and the Dutch and British empires in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The monopolisation of trade by Europeans, led to a dominant core elite determined…